Hollow fiber membranes have emerged/are gaining traction/present a novel as an essential component in numerous industrial processes. Their unique structure, characterized by a continuous fiber/tubular/walled configuration with a porous membrane layer, allows for/facilitates/enables efficient separation and filtration of diverse substances. This rev

Polyvinylidene fluoride modules (PVDF) have emerged as a promising technology in wastewater treatment due to their advantages such as high permeate flux, chemical durability, and low fouling propensity. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the functionality of PVDF membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment. A variety of vari

Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a versatile platform for biological processes. Their design consists of an array of hollow fibers, serving as microenvironments. Tailoring the arrangement and material properties of these fibers is crucial for achieving efficient product yield. Key design considerations include fiber length, fiber distributi

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have become a prominent technology in the field of wastewater treatment. These systems integrate biological treatment processes with membrane filtration, offering a robust solution for removing contaminants from wastewater and producing high-quality effluent. MBRs consist of a bioreactor vessel where microorganisms brea